Archive for the tag: Cancer

Terminal Cancer: Gareth's story | Cancer Research UK

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Watch Gareth share his brave story on terminal cancer.

25-year-old Gareth was in the army in 2015 when he was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma. He had his leg amputated to remove the cancer, and was able to join the Paralympic Team GB squad. But two years later, the cancer returned in his lungs and he was told his cancer is terminal.

Read more on Gareth’s blog: chemotionally-unstable.com
Share your own #CancerRightNow: cruk.org/cancerrightnow

To find more information on living with cancer visit cruk.org/about-cancer/coping

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David Lisle, MD, colorectal surgeon at MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, talks about the rise of colon cancer in young people and how robotic surgery allows smaller incisions, less pain and faster recovery.

Watch this video to learn more or visit https://www.medstarcancer.org/conditions/rectal-cancer/.

Cancer: from a healthy cell to a cancer cell

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In 5 minutes find out how and why a normal cell becomes a cancer cell: risk factors and treatment.
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From Biopsy to Diagnosis: How Pathologists Diagnose Cancer and Other Diseases

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This video provides a glimpse into the world of pathology by showing how pathologists and other laboratory professionals help to diagnose patients’ biopsies. This behind-the-scenes look into the University of Michigan Department of Pathology shows how tissue is prepared to be viewed under a microscope and what pathologists are looking for in order to determine a diagnosis.
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What is cancer and how does it start? | Cancer Research UK (2021)

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In this video we explain what cancer is and how it starts. Cancer begins in our cells. It happens when something goes wrong when cells are dividing. We explain how a tumour can develop and what might cause it. Visit our website: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer for more information about what how cancer develops.

For information about causes: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer

Information about a specific type of cancer: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type
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What is cancer? What causes cancer and how is it treated — visit https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types to learn more about this complex disease, how cancer develops, treatment options and how to manage side effects.

Watch our updated What is cancer? video: https://youtu.be/_N1Sk3aiSCE

One in two men and one in three women will be diagnosed with cancer. But what is cancer? Cancer experts at Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) outline how cancer develops, the most common forms, how it’s treated and how to manage treatment side effects. They also discuss what the future holds for cancer treatment.

What is cancer is a five-minute video that explains cancer in everyday terms.

https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types
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How does cancer spread through the body? – Ivan Seah Yu Jun

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View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-does-cancer-spread-through-the-body-ivan-seah-yu-jun

Cancer usually begins with one tumor in a specific area of the body. But if the tumor is not removed, cancer has the ability to spread to nearby organs as well as places far away from the origin, like the brain. How does cancer move to these new areas and why are some organs more likely to get infected than others? Ivan Seah Yu Jun explains the three common routes of metastasis.

Lesson by Ivan Seah Yu Jun, animation by Andrew Foerster.
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Cancer, How Cancer Starts, How Cancer Spreads, Where and Why, Animation.

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Perfect for patient education.
The number of cells in a tissue is determined by the balance between cell division and cell death. Uncontrollable cell division leads to formation of abnormal growths called tumors. Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are slow-growing and constrained by surrounding connective tissue so they do not spread to other organs. They can still be harmful or even kill by pressing on nearby nerves, brain tissue or blood vessels. Examples of benign tumor include pituitary tumors which may press on optic nerves and cause loss of vision. Cancers are malignant tumors – tumors that can spread beyond of the limit of original organ where it comes from and to other organs of the body.
How cancer starts
Cancer starts from damage in the DNA of a cell. This DNA damage is called mutation. Mutations happen when the cell duplicates its DNA prior to cell division and makes mistakes. These damages are usually detected and repaired before the cell can divide but sometimes, some of them may be ignored and transferred to daughter cells.
If the mutation is located in one of many genes that control the cell cycle, it may affect the regulation of cell cycle in the cell carrying it, and make the cell divide faster than it supposed to. Usually, one mutation is not enough to cause cancer, but as it makes the cell cycle control less reliable, many more DNA damages/mutations would go unnoticed. Cancer is usually the result of accumulation of many mutations of genes involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair. This commonly happens over a long period of time, over many rounds of cell divisions, and this explains why cancers are more common in older people.
Some people are said to be predisposed to cancer. This is because they are born with a mutation that makes them more likely to develop a certain type of cancer. This mutation alone is not enough to cause cancer but it starts the process of making cells cancerous. The person carrying it is one step further down the road towards developing a cancer than others who do not have the mutation.
How cancer spreads
Cancer cells do not stick together like normal cells, they move and invade nearby tissues, organs, this is local spread. They may also spread to further away organs by means of blood and lymph circulation, this is systemic spread. Metastasis is the spreading of cancers to non-adjacent organs. Cancer cells from the original tumor, or primary cancer, can break out and maybe taken up by a blood or a lymph vessel for a ride throughout the body. They can then squeeze out from the vessels into other tissues and start a new tumor growth in the new location which will become secondary cancer.
Where do cancers usually spread and why?
While travelling in the bloodstream, cancer cell usually stops at the first place where the vessel getting so narrow that it gets stuck. As blood flow from most organs goes to the capillaries of the lungs, this is where cancers spread the most. Lungs are indeed the most common site of secondary cancers.
Likewise, while travelling in the lymphatic system, cancer cells commonly get stuck in nearest lymph nodes, where the vessels get narrower. This is the reason why surgeons usually remove nearby lymph nodes when removing tumors.

How Is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed and Treated?

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Cervical cancer is diagnosed usually in a gynecologist office and the usual course of events where cervical cancer is diagnosed, it is usually picked up on a screen Pap smear which shows an abnormality which then results in examination by gynecologist called colposcopy wherein an examination in their office is performed where with binocular microscopy, we evaluate the cervix and take directed biopsies of abnormalities that we observe. These biopsies are then looked at by a pathologist under microscope and then render a diagnosis as cervical dysplasia otherwise known as the precancer or precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Sometimes unfortunately is diagnosed as an invasive cervical cancer and when we see that the examination done by the physician is really the first and most important means of dictating how we take care of a patient. Cervical cancer still staged basically by an exam which is observation of the cervix, palpation or a physical exam of the cervix may help that the cancer is just as involve other adjacent structures and then we do use some radiologies such as CT scans, chest x-rays, etc., to help us guide how we take care of the patient and manage such cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer when we catch it in its early stages, stage 1 and sound specific stage 2s, we tend to use surgery for those treatments and that can be anything from a conservative operation meaning where the uterus is left in place such as what is called a conization where we excise the abnormality only on the cervix and leave the remaining cervix and leave the uterus in place. There are other options for that which is called a trachelectomy which is a procedure where the surgeon removes the cervix but leaves the uterus and we use that treatment modality in patients that have invasive cervical cancer that desire a future fertility. Furthermore, as we get into more advanced stages or in patients that fertility is not desired, a hysterectomy is performed and based upon complicated issues with regards to what the stage is and the cell type, sometimes a traditional what we call a simple hysterectomy is performed which is one that a general OB/GYN performs. However as the stage becomes more progressed what is called a radical hysterectomy is required and that is performed by a gynecologic oncologist.

In a radical hysterectomy is removal of the uterus and cervix in some of the adjacent structures called the parametrium. We also remove the lymph nodes at the time of that surgery to help dictate whether what is called adjuvant treatment is required and for some patients, depending upon certain issues on the pathologic specimen, chemotherapy and/or radiation maybe required depending upon certain pathologic events. As the stage gets more advanced such as certain stage 2 cancers even certain stage 1 cancers require radiation meaning that a hysterectomy is not the best first treatment. There are a lot of patients with cervical cancer that we do recommend radiation in lieu of hysterectomy because we know that the radiation is going to work as effective with less complications and the way that radiation is prescribed for patients with cervical cancers, we do use a combination of a very small dose of chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation. The chemotherapy is not a chemotherapy where patients lose their hair, no one will really know you are receiving the chemotherapy because it is such a small dose. That small dose of chemotherapy has actually been shown to help the radiation work better more effectively and cure more patients but the radiation is really the curative treatment for certain types of cervical cancer. That’s administered by a radiation oncologist, who is a doctor that treats cancer with radiation and they work in concert with the GYN oncologist with the chemotherapy. That course of treatment usually take somewhere between seven to eight weeks depending upon certain pathologic and radiologic findings. There is a combination of what is called external beam radiation where a patient lies on a table and the radiation comes just like if you are receiving an x-ray and then there is also a portion of what we call internal or Reiki therapy radiation which is one the radiation oncologist puts the radiation right on the cervix.

Learn more about Dr. McDonald: http://presbyteriangyncancer.org/?id=5013&sid=123
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Dr. Joshua Sonnet describes the symptoms of lung cancer discussing how the disease is diagnosed and staged. For more information on lung cancer surgery visit http://www.columbiathoracic.org or call 212-305-3408.

Why does cancer kill you?

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Why does cancer kill you?

Dr. Richard White, a medical oncologist and researcher at Memorial Sloan Kettering, discusses his innovative approach to melanoma cancer treatment. To see Dr. White’s full project visit: https://www.consano.org/projects/47-why-does-cancer-kill-you
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How is colon cancer diagnosed? | Norton Cancer Institute

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Michael F. Driscoll, M.D., medical oncologist with Norton Cancer Institute, answers the question, how is colon cancer diagnosed?

Colon cancer typically is diagnosed from some kind of clinical presentation. Most often times people will present with some kind of gastrointestinal bleeding usually either rectal bleeding or potentially dark tarry stools which we call melena. Sometimes people will have abdominal pain as well. Oftentimes if people present with these types of symptoms they’ll either be referred to a gastroenterologist or maybe their primary care physician will set them up for a CAT scan of the abdomen. Let’s say if they get a CAT scan first they may find that there is a mass in the colon somewhere but that’s not diagnostic of the cancer because you still need a pathologic specimen, which is a biopsy of the tissue. Invariably most people get referred to either a surgeon or a gastroenterologist where they get a colonoscopy. They get a colonoscopy and then typically they would find some abnormality – be either a mass or some abnormality – which is indicative of a cancer and they take a biopsy. That biopsy then gets to a pathologist and the pathologists will look at the tissue specimen underneath a microscope and they’ll tell us if it’s cancer and that so what kind. Typically it’s adenocarcinoma. Staging is the next step. Staging typically involves CAT scans. We would get CAT scans usually at the abdomen and pelvis and oftentimes chest to make sure that the cancer hasn’t spread anywhere else. Staging really kinda depends on what mode of treatment we’d undergo next. For most people we’re gonna check blood levels as well, tumor markers and then, once we stage it up, that tends to tell us what the patient then needs as far as treatment.

Learn more about colon cancer https://www.nortonhealthcare.com/colonhealth

Same-day appointments available
Should you be diagnosed with colon cancer, we know you will have many questions and want answers right away. We offer same-day appointments with a cancer specialist. Call (502) 629-HOPE for a same-day appointment.

https://nortonhealthcare.com/provider/michael-f-driscoll-md-hematologyoncology

https://nortonhealthcare.com/Pages/cancer.aspx
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How Cancer Starts

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How Cancer Starts

Harvard Medical School video explains what cancer is and how it begins
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