Watch Gareth share his brave story on terminal cancer.
25-year-old Gareth was in the army in 2015 when he was diagnosed with synovial sarcoma. He had his leg amputated to remove the cancer, and was able to join the Paralympic Team GB squad. But two years later, the cancer returned in his lungs and he was told his cancer is terminal.
Read more on Gareth’s blog: chemotionally-unstable.com
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David Lisle, MD, colorectal surgeon at MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, talks about the rise of colon cancer in young people and how robotic surgery allows smaller incisions, less pain and faster recovery.
Watch this video to learn more or visit https://www.medstarcancer.org/conditions/rectal-cancer/.
This video provides a glimpse into the world of pathology by showing how pathologists and other laboratory professionals help to diagnose patients’ biopsies. This behind-the-scenes look into the University of Michigan Department of Pathology shows how tissue is prepared to be viewed under a microscope and what pathologists are looking for in order to determine a diagnosis. Video Rating: / 5
In this video we explain what cancer is and how it starts. Cancer begins in our cells. It happens when something goes wrong when cells are dividing. We explain how a tumour can develop and what might cause it. Visit our website: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer for more information about what how cancer develops.
For information about causes: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer
Information about a specific type of cancer: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/type Video Rating: / 5
What is cancer? What causes cancer and how is it treated — visit https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types to learn more about this complex disease, how cancer develops, treatment options and how to manage side effects.
Watch our updated What is cancer? video: https://youtu.be/_N1Sk3aiSCE
One in two men and one in three women will be diagnosed with cancer. But what is cancer? Cancer experts at Cancer Treatment Centers of America (CTCA) outline how cancer develops, the most common forms, how it’s treated and how to manage treatment side effects. They also discuss what the future holds for cancer treatment.
What is cancer is a five-minute video that explains cancer in everyday terms.
https://www.cancercenter.com/cancer-types Video Rating: / 5
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Cancer usually begins with one tumor in a specific area of the body. But if the tumor is not removed, cancer has the ability to spread to nearby organs as well as places far away from the origin, like the brain. How does cancer move to these new areas and why are some organs more likely to get infected than others? Ivan Seah Yu Jun explains the three common routes of metastasis.
Lesson by Ivan Seah Yu Jun, animation by Andrew Foerster. Video Rating: / 5
Cervical cancer is diagnosed usually in a gynecologist office and the usual course of events where cervical cancer is diagnosed, it is usually picked up on a screen Pap smear which shows an abnormality which then results in examination by gynecologist called colposcopy wherein an examination in their office is performed where with binocular microscopy, we evaluate the cervix and take directed biopsies of abnormalities that we observe. These biopsies are then looked at by a pathologist under microscope and then render a diagnosis as cervical dysplasia otherwise known as the precancer or precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Sometimes unfortunately is diagnosed as an invasive cervical cancer and when we see that the examination done by the physician is really the first and most important means of dictating how we take care of a patient. Cervical cancer still staged basically by an exam which is observation of the cervix, palpation or a physical exam of the cervix may help that the cancer is just as involve other adjacent structures and then we do use some radiologies such as CT scans, chest x-rays, etc., to help us guide how we take care of the patient and manage such cervical cancer.
Cervical cancer when we catch it in its early stages, stage 1 and sound specific stage 2s, we tend to use surgery for those treatments and that can be anything from a conservative operation meaning where the uterus is left in place such as what is called a conization where we excise the abnormality only on the cervix and leave the remaining cervix and leave the uterus in place. There are other options for that which is called a trachelectomy which is a procedure where the surgeon removes the cervix but leaves the uterus and we use that treatment modality in patients that have invasive cervical cancer that desire a future fertility. Furthermore, as we get into more advanced stages or in patients that fertility is not desired, a hysterectomy is performed and based upon complicated issues with regards to what the stage is and the cell type, sometimes a traditional what we call a simple hysterectomy is performed which is one that a general OB/GYN performs. However as the stage becomes more progressed what is called a radical hysterectomy is required and that is performed by a gynecologic oncologist.
In a radical hysterectomy is removal of the uterus and cervix in some of the adjacent structures called the parametrium. We also remove the lymph nodes at the time of that surgery to help dictate whether what is called adjuvant treatment is required and for some patients, depending upon certain issues on the pathologic specimen, chemotherapy and/or radiation maybe required depending upon certain pathologic events. As the stage gets more advanced such as certain stage 2 cancers even certain stage 1 cancers require radiation meaning that a hysterectomy is not the best first treatment. There are a lot of patients with cervical cancer that we do recommend radiation in lieu of hysterectomy because we know that the radiation is going to work as effective with less complications and the way that radiation is prescribed for patients with cervical cancers, we do use a combination of a very small dose of chemotherapy in conjunction with radiation. The chemotherapy is not a chemotherapy where patients lose their hair, no one will really know you are receiving the chemotherapy because it is such a small dose. That small dose of chemotherapy has actually been shown to help the radiation work better more effectively and cure more patients but the radiation is really the curative treatment for certain types of cervical cancer. That’s administered by a radiation oncologist, who is a doctor that treats cancer with radiation and they work in concert with the GYN oncologist with the chemotherapy. That course of treatment usually take somewhere between seven to eight weeks depending upon certain pathologic and radiologic findings. There is a combination of what is called external beam radiation where a patient lies on a table and the radiation comes just like if you are receiving an x-ray and then there is also a portion of what we call internal or Reiki therapy radiation which is one the radiation oncologist puts the radiation right on the cervix.
Learn more about Dr. McDonald: http://presbyteriangyncancer.org/?id=5013&sid=123 Video Rating: / 5
Dr. Joshua Sonnet describes the symptoms of lung cancer discussing how the disease is diagnosed and staged. For more information on lung cancer surgery visit http://www.columbiathoracic.org or call 212-305-3408.
Pleural effusion is the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity which can sometimes restrict lung expansion.
Get a more detailed info on our website.
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The pleura are thin films of connective tissue, which line both the outer surface of the lungs, and the inside of the chest cavity
The visceral pleura on the inside at the parietal pleura on the outside.~This cavity is filled with pleural fluid that acts as a lubricant
The pleural fluid is similar to interstitial fluid and its made slippery by some proteins such as albumin
Pleural effusion is either;Transudative or Exudative.
Lymphatic effusion( chylothorax)
Transudative effusions are caused by some combination of increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased plasma oncotic pressure..
They are usually ultrafiltrates of plasma squeezed out of the pleura as a result of an imbalance in hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the chest.-
Conditions associated with increased hydrostatic pressure include~heart failure and~liver cirrhosis with ascites.(low proteins)
-The ones associated with hypoalbuminemia are usually nephrotic syndrome (protein loss)
-Because these diseases are systemic, they usually cause bilateral and equal effusion.
~They are caused by local processes leading to increased capillary permeability due to inflammation.This results in exudation of fluid, protein, cells, and other serum constituents.
~An exudative effusion will cause unilateral effusions.
The clinical manifestations of pleural effusion are variable and often are related to the underlying disease process.
The most commonly associated symptoms are~cough~progressive dyspnea ~ DIB~pleuritic chest pain~ worse when lying flat
Physical examination reveals~Absent tactile fremitus,~Dullness to percussion, and ~Decreased breath sounds on the side of the effusion.
Pleural fluid analysisChest x-ray indicates tracheal deviation
An erect chest x ray shows fluid accumulation at the costoprenic angle
X ray taken when a patient is supine indicates layering effect
~Thoracenthesis is done to relieve the symptoms and also help in diagnosis.
~Transudative fluid is clear while exudative fluid looks cloudy due to presence of immune cells
.~Lymphatic fluid looks milky because its filled with fats
.~Exudative fluid has much more proteins than Transudative
~grossly bloody fluid indicates trauma
To differentiate then you use the Light criteria
The fluid is considered an exudate when:
~The ratio of pleural fluid to serum protein is greater than 0.5
~Ratio of pleural fluid to serum LDH is greater than 0.6
~Pleural fluid LDL or cholesterol is greater than 2/3 of the upper limits of normal serum value.If all these are absent the fluid is a transudate.
~RX involves removal of the fluid and treat the underlying cause
~PE from heart failure are treated with Diuretics and sodium restriction
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This video contains a detailed and simplified explanation about pleural effusions. We discuss the pathophysiology, causes, presentation, investigations, complications and management of pleural effusions.
*CORRECTION* The cutoff for exudative effusions is more than 3g per dL (decilitre) rather than 3g/l as stated in the video.
More written notes and diagrams about pleural effusions are available on the website at www.zerotofinals.com/pleuraleffusion.
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DISCLAIMER: This video is for education and entertainment only, and is not medical advice. This video should NOT be used for medical advice or to guide clinical practice. The Zero to Finals content should not be used in any way to guide medical decision making. Zero to Finals takes no responsibility for any actions taken or not taken based on the information provided. Local and national guidelines and senior clinicians are there to help you make decisions, not YouTube videos. If you need medical advice or information, seek it from an appropriately trained and licenced doctor or healthcare provider that can address your individual needs. Zero to Finals cannot guarantee the accuracy of information in this video. Please highlight any errors you notice in the comments below – thank you.
Dr. Richard White, a medical oncologist and researcher at Memorial Sloan Kettering, discusses his innovative approach to melanoma cancer treatment. To see Dr. White’s full project visit: https://www.consano.org/projects/47-why-does-cancer-kill-you Video Rating: / 5
Michael F. Driscoll, M.D., medical oncologist with Norton Cancer Institute, answers the question, how is colon cancer diagnosed?
Colon cancer typically is diagnosed from some kind of clinical presentation. Most often times people will present with some kind of gastrointestinal bleeding usually either rectal bleeding or potentially dark tarry stools which we call melena. Sometimes people will have abdominal pain as well. Oftentimes if people present with these types of symptoms they’ll either be referred to a gastroenterologist or maybe their primary care physician will set them up for a CAT scan of the abdomen. Let’s say if they get a CAT scan first they may find that there is a mass in the colon somewhere but that’s not diagnostic of the cancer because you still need a pathologic specimen, which is a biopsy of the tissue. Invariably most people get referred to either a surgeon or a gastroenterologist where they get a colonoscopy. They get a colonoscopy and then typically they would find some abnormality – be either a mass or some abnormality – which is indicative of a cancer and they take a biopsy. That biopsy then gets to a pathologist and the pathologists will look at the tissue specimen underneath a microscope and they’ll tell us if it’s cancer and that so what kind. Typically it’s adenocarcinoma. Staging is the next step. Staging typically involves CAT scans. We would get CAT scans usually at the abdomen and pelvis and oftentimes chest to make sure that the cancer hasn’t spread anywhere else. Staging really kinda depends on what mode of treatment we’d undergo next. For most people we’re gonna check blood levels as well, tumor markers and then, once we stage it up, that tends to tell us what the patient then needs as far as treatment.
Learn more about colon cancer https://www.nortonhealthcare.com/colonhealth
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Should you be diagnosed with colon cancer, we know you will have many questions and want answers right away. We offer same-day appointments with a cancer specialist. Call (502) 629-HOPE for a same-day appointment.
